A useful rule of thumb is this:
**Direct sow** crops that germinate easily, dislike root disturbance, or grow fast enough that transplanting adds little value.
**Raise in trays** crops that benefit from a protected start, need more even spacing, or are vulnerable as tiny seedlings.
Often direct sown:
- beans
- peas
- corn
- radish
- carrots
- beetroot
- pumpkins and cucurbits, depending on conditions
Often raised in trays:
- lettuce
- brassicas
- tomatoes
- capsicum
- basil
- celery
That said, climate, pests, season, and your own setup matter. If slugs, heavy rain, or patchy germination are a problem, trays may save frustration. If transplant shock is the bigger issue, direct sowing may be better.
The real answer is not doctrinal. It is practical.
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